| Using sparse representations for exemplar based continuous digit recognition |
| J.F. Gemmeke, L. ten Bosch, L. Boves & B. Cranen (2009) |
| Proceedings of EUSIPCO 2009, Glasgow, Scotland, pp 1755-1759 |
| Paper (pdf; 125335 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using Temporal Information for Improving Articulatory-Acoustic Feature Classification |
| B. Schuppler, J.J.H.C. van Doremalen, O. Scharenborg, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2009) |
| Proceedings of IEEE ASRU Workshop, Merano, Italy, pp.70-75 |
| Paper (pdf; 319252 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Functional Data Analysis as a Tool for Analyzing Speech Dynamics A Case Study on the French Word c’´etait |
| M. Gubian, F.T. Torreira, H. Strik & L. Boves (2009) |
| Proceedings of Interspeech, Brighton, England |
| Paper (pdf; 134499 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Learning to Rank QA data |
| S. Verberne, H. van Halteren, S. Raaijmakers, D. Theijssen & L. Boves (2009) |
| Proceedings of the Learning to Rank workshop at SIGIR 2009, pp. 41-48 |
| Paper (pdf; 216206 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Novelty Detection as a Tool for Automatic Detection of Orthographic Transcription Errors |
| M. Gubian, B. Schuppler, J.J.H.C. van Doremalen, E. Sanders & L. Boves (2009) |
| Proceedings of the13-th International Conference on Speech and Computer SPECOM-2009 |
| Paper (pdf; 196448 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Learning to Rank Answers to Why-Questions |
| S. Verberne, S. Raaijmakers, D. Theijssen & L. Boves (2009) |
| Proceedings of DIR 2009, pp. 34-41 |
| Paper (pdf; 183308 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Features for automatic discourse analysis of paragraphs |
| D. Theijssen, H. van Halteren, S. Verberne & L. Boves (2009) |
| Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands, selected papers from the eighteenth CLIN meeting. pp. 53-68 |
| Paper (pdf; 206453 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| COMPARISON OF SENSOR CONFIGURATION IN TELE-HEALTH APPLICATIONS ON CLASSIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR |
| V.P. Beerepoot, L. Boves & N.Keijsers (2008) |
| procceedings of International Conference on Ambulatory Monitoring of Physical Activity and Movement, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, P 197 |
| Paper (pdf; 15984 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Preparing a corpus of Dutch spontaneous dialogues for automatic phonetic analysis |
| B. Schuppler, M.E. Ernestus, O. Scharenborg & L. Boves (2008) |
| Proceedings of Interspeech, Brisbane, Australia, pp.1638-1641 |
| Paper (pdf; 172139 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using Syntactic Information for Improving Why-Question Answering. |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2008) |
| Proceedings of COLING 2008 |
| Paper (pdf; 60056 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Modelling Pronunciation Variation with Single-Path and Multi-Path Syllable Models: Issues to Consider |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2008) |
| Speech Communication, doi:10.1016/j.specom.2008.07.001, 2008 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Evaluating paragraph retrieval for why-QA |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2008) |
| C. MacDonald et al. (Eds.): European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR) 2008, LNCS 4956, p.p. 669-673, 2008 |
| Paper (pdf; 93134 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic phonetic transcription of large speech corpora. |
| C. Van Bael, L. Boves, H. van den Heuvel & H. Strik (2007) |
| Computer, Speech and Language, 21, pp. 652-668. |
| Paper (pdf; 3840402 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Evaluating deep syntactic parsing |
| D. Theijssen, S. Verberne, N.H.J. Oostdijk & L. Boves (2007) |
| Proceedings of the 17th meeting of Computational Linguistics in the Netherlands (CLIN 17), Leuven, Belgium, pp 115-130. |
| Paper (pdf; 112674 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Discourse-based answering of why-questions |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2007) |
| Traitement Automatique des Langues 2006 Volume 47 Numéro 2: Discours et document : traitements automatiques, p.p. 21-41 |
| Paper (pdf; 185084 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Early Decision Making in Continuous Speech |
| O. Scharenborg, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2007) |
| In M. Grimm & K. Kroschel (Eds.), Robust Speech Recognition and Understanding, 333-350. |
| Paper (pdf; 206588 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Evaluating Discourse-based Answer Extraction for Why-Question Answering |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2007) |
| Proceedings of the 30th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR 2007), Amsterdam, pp. 735-737 |
| Paper (pdf; 107162 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Construction and Analysis of Multiple Paths in Syllable Models |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2007) |
| Proceedings of Interspeech, Antwerp, Belgium |
| Paper (pdf; 234662 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On the Utility of Syllable-Based Acoustic Models for Pronunciation Variation Modelling |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. Boves, J. de Veth & L. ten Bosch (2007) |
| EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, vol. 2007, Article ID 46460, 11 pages, 2007 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Modelling Pronunciation Variation Using Multi-Path HMMs for Syllables |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2007) |
| Proceedings of ICASSP, Honolulu, USA |
| Paper (pdf; 81692 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| 'Early recognition' of polysyllabic words in continuous speech |
| O. Scharenborg, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2007) |
| Computer Speech and Language, 21 (1), 54-71 |
| Paper (pdf; 281991 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A two-pass approach for handling out-of-vocabulary words in a large vocabulary recognition task |
| O. Scharenborg, S. Seneff & L. Boves (2007) |
| Computer Speech and Language, 21 (1), 206-218 |
| Paper (pdf; 201146 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Exploring the use of linguistic analysis for answering why-questions |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2006) |
| Proceedings of the 16th meeting of Computational Linguistics n the Netherlands (CLIN 2005), Amsterdam, pp. 33-48 |
| Paper (pdf; 132976 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Trajectory Clustering for Solving the Trajectory Folding Problem in Automatic Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2006) |
| Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech and Language Processing |
| Paper (pdf; 232429 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| EM Algorithm with Split and Merge in Trajectory Clustering for Automatic Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings of International Symposium on Chinese Spoken Language Processing (ISCSLP-2006), Singapore |
| Paper (pdf; 157117 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Syllable-Length Path Mixture Hidden Markov Models with Trajectory Clustering for Continuous Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings of INTERSPEECH-2006, Pittsburgh, USA |
| Paper (pdf; 85694 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Multi-Path Syllable Models Based on Phonetic Knowledge |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2006) |
| In: R. Aulanko, L. Wahlberg & M. Vainio (eds.), Proceedings of the Phonetics Symposium 2006, Publications of the Department of Speech Sciences, University of Helsinki, 57-66. |
| Paper (pdf; 195993 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| FROM SPEECH SOUNDS TO SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION: ABOUT NEW APPROACHES TO IMPOSE STRUCTURE ON SPEECH DATA |
| L. ten Bosch, A. Hämäläinen, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings LabPhon 10, Paris, June 28-30, 2006 |
| Paper (pdf; 9865 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| ACOUSTIC SCORES AND SYMBOLIC MISMATCH PENALTIES IN PHONE LATTICES |
| L. ten Bosch, A. Hämäläinen, O. Scharenborg & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings ICASSP 2006, Toulouse, France |
| Paper (pdf; 59030 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Pronunciation Variant -Based Multi-Path HMMs for Syllables |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings of Interspeech, Pittsburgh, USA |
| Paper (pdf; 191686 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Large Speech Corpora: a Comparative Study |
| C. Van Bael, L. Boves, H. Strik & H. van den Heuvel (2006) |
| To appear in: Proceedings of Interspeech 2006, Pittsburgh PA, USA. |
| Paper (pdf; 61664 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Data for question answering: the case of why |
| S. Verberne, L. Boves, N.H.J. Oostdijk & P.A.J.M. Coppen (2006) |
| Proceedings of the 5th edition of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2006), Genoa, Italy. |
| Paper (pdf; 106788 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Large Speech Corpora |
| C. Van Bael, L. Boves, H. van den Heuvel & H. Strik (2006) |
| Proceedings of Workshop on Annotation Science: State of the Art in Enhancing Automatic Linguistic Annotation, LREC, Genoa, Italy, pp. 4-11. |
| Paper (pdf; 114738 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A Unified Structure for Dutch Dialect Dictionary Data |
| F. de Vriend, L. Boves, H. van den Heuvel, R. van Hout, J. Kruijsen & J. Swanenberg (2006) |
| Proceedings of The fifth international conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2006), Genoa, Italy. |
| Paper (pdf; 1139714 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Whither Linguistic Interpretation of Acoustic Pronunciation Variation |
| A. Hämäläinen, Y. Han, L. Boves & L. ten Bosch (2006) |
| Proceedings of Speech Recognition and Intrinsic Variation Workshop, Toulouse, France |
| Paper (pdf; 208801 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Trajectory Clustering of Syllable-Length Acoustic Models for Continuous Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han, A. Hämäläinen & L. Boves (2006) |
| Proceedings of ICASSP, Toulouse, France |
| Paper (pdf; 146535 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Interactivity and Multimodality in the IMIX Demonstrator. |
| E.A. den Os & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proc. IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, Amsterdam July 6-8. CD-ROM, 4 pages. |
| Paper (pdf; 212949 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| User Behaviour in Multimodal Interaction. |
| E.A. den Os & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings HCI-International, Volume 8 - Universal Access in HCI: Exploring New Dimensions of Diversity. Las Vegas, 22-27 July. CD-ROM, 10 pages. |
| Paper (pdf; 403789 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Conversational agent or direct manipulation in human-system interaction. |
| E.A. den Os, L. Boves, S. Rossignol, L. ten Bosch & L. Vuurpijl (2005) |
| Speech Communication, Vol. 47, pp. 194-207. |
| Paper (pdf; 266966 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Speech Trajectory Clustering for Improved Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings of INTERSPEECH, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Paper (pdf; 119637 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Trajectory Clustering for Automatic Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings of EUSIPCO, Antalya, Turkey |
| Paper (pdf; 147786 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Gender in everyday speech and language: A corpus-based study |
| D. Binnenpoorte, C. Van Bael, & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings of Interspeech 2005, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Paper (pdf; 121733 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Syllable-Length Acoustic Units in Large-Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition |
| A. Hämäläinen, L. Boves & J. de Veth (2005) |
| In: G. Kokkinakis, N. Fakotakis, E. Dermatas & R. Potapova (eds.), Proceedings of SPECOM 2005, 499-502. |
| Paper (pdf; 124691 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Additive background noise as a source of non-linear mismatch in the cepstral and log-energy domain |
| F. de Wet, J. de Veth, L. Boves & B. Cranen (2005) |
| Computer Speech and Language Volume 19, Issue 1 pp. 31-54, 2005 |
| Paper (pdf; 277055 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Longer-Length Acoustic Units for Continuous Speech Recognition |
| A. Hämäläinen, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings of EUSIPCO, Antalya, Turkey |
| Paper (pdf; 95327 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Trajectory Clustering Using Longer Length Units for Automatic Speech Recognition |
| Y. Han, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2005) |
| Proceedings of IEEE BENELUX/DSP Valley Signal Processing Symposium (SPS-DARTS), Antwerp, Belgium, pp. 175-178 |
| Paper (pdf; 86047 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Effective error recovery strategies for multimodal form-filling applications |
| J. Sturm & L. Boves (2005) |
| Speech Communication, Vol. 45 (2005), pp. 289-303 |
| Paper (pdf; 270518 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Multiword Expressions in Spoken Language: an exploratory study on pronunciation variation |
| D. Binnenpoorte, C. Cucchiarini, L. Boves & H. Strik (2005) |
| Computer, Speech & Language 19(4), pp. 433-449. |
| Paper (pdf; 156805 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Predicting Word Correct Rate from Acoustic and Linguistic Confusability |
| A.G.G. Bouwman, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2004) |
| Proceedings of ICSLP 2004, Jeju, Korea |
| Paper (pdf; 250002 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Survey of spontaneous speech phenomena in a multimodal dialogue system and some implications for ASR |
| L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2004) |
| Proceedings of the International Conference on Spoken Language Processing ICSLP, South Korea. CDROM. |
| Paper (pdf; 132774 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Efficient Assessment of ASR Systems by Using Subsets of a Test Database |
| A. B. Nagórski, L. Boves & H. Steeneken (2004) |
| Proceedings of IEEE Benelux SPS, Hilvarenbeek, the Netherlands, pp. 109-112, 2004 |
| Paper (pdf; 66637 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Robust conversational system design. |
| L. Boves (2004) |
| ISCA/COST 278 Workshop on Robustness Issues in Conversational Interaction (CD-ROM), Norwich, 30-31 August 2004. Invited Paper. |
| Paper (pdf; 90975 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Natural multimodal interaction for design applications. |
| E. den Os & L. Boves (2004) |
| Proceedings eChallenges 2004, 27 - 29 October 2004, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1403-1410. |
| Paper (pdf; 166074 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Multimodal Interaction in Architectural Design Applications. |
| L. Boves, Neumann, A., Vuurpijl L., L. ten Bosch, Rossignol, S., Engel, R. & Pfleger, N. (2004) |
| Proceedings 8th ERCIM Workshop on "User Interfaces for All", 28-29 June 2004, Vienna, Austria. |
| Paper (pdf; 204530 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using large multi-purpose corpora for specific research questions: discourse phenomena related to wh-questions in the Spoken Dutch Corpus |
| N.H.J. Oostdijk & L. Boves (2004) |
| In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Lisbon 26-28 May 2004, 997-1000. |
|
| 'On-line Early Recognition' of Polysyllabic Words in Continuous Speech |
| O. Scharenborg, L. Boves & L. ten Bosch (2004) |
| Proceedings of the Tenth Australian International Conference on Speech Science & Technology 2004, Sydney, Australia |
| Paper (pdf; 103440 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Evaluation of formant-like features on an automatic vowel classification task |
| F. de Wet, K. Weber, L. Boves, B. Cranen, S. Bengio & H. Bourlard (2004) |
| Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 116, No. 3, pp. 1781-1792 |
| Paper (pdf; 319529 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Improving Automatic Phonetic Transcription of Spontaneous Speech through Variant-Based Pronunciation Variation Modelling |
| D. Binnenpoorte, C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (2004) |
| Proceedings of LREC2004, Lisbon, Portugal |
| Paper (pdf; 66611 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Human-Factors issues in multimodal interaction in complex design tasks. |
| S. Rossignol, L. ten Bosch, L. Vuurpijl, A. Neumann, L. Boves, E. den Os & J. P. de Ruiter (2003) |
| Proceedings workshop on Human Computer Interaction Conference, Greece 2003. |
| Paper (pdf; 91140 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Towards Ambient Intelligence: Multimodal Computers that Understand Our Intentions |
| E. den Os & L. Boves (2003) |
| Proceedings eChallenges 2003, 22-24 October 2003, Palazzo Re Enzo, Bologna, Italy |
| Paper (pdf; 167116 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Modeling lexical stress in continuous speech recognition for Dutch |
| H. van den Heuvel, D. Kuijk & L. Boves (2003) |
| Speech Communication, 40(3), pp. 335-350 |
| Abstract (html) |
| In Search of Optimal Data Selection for Training of Automatic Speech Recognition Systems |
| A. B. Nagórski, L. Boves & H. Steeneken (2003) |
| Proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop 2003, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands |
| Paper (pdf; 108676 bytes) ; |
| ‘Early Recognition’ of Words in Continuous Speech |
| O. Scharenborg, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2003) |
| Proceedings of the IEEE Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding Workshop, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands (CDROM) |
| Paper (pdf; 91093 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Bridging Automatic Speech Recognition and Psycholinguistics: Extending Shortlist to an End-to-End Model of Human Speech Recognition (L) |
| O. Scharenborg, L. ten Bosch, L. Boves & D. Norris (2003) |
| Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 114 (6), 3032-3035 |
| Paper (pdf; 41748 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Spontaneous speech in the Spoken Dutch Corpus |
| L. Boves & N.H.J. Oostdijk (2003) |
| In: Proceedings ISCA & IEEE Workshop on Spontaneous Speech Processing and Recognition (SSPR). 14-16 April, 2003.Tokyo, Japan |
| Paper (pdf; 45481 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Recognising 'Real-life' Speech with SpeM: A Speech-based Computational Model of Human Speech Recognition |
| O. Scharenborg, L. ten Bosch & L. Boves (2003) |
| Proceedings of Eurospeech, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 2285-2288 |
| Paper (pdf; 64010 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| The impact of spectral and energy mismatch on the Aurora2 digit recognition task |
| F. de Wet, J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2003) |
| CDROM Proceedings of ICASSP, Hong Kong, China |
| Paper (pdf; 154210 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Experiences from the Spoken Dutch Corpus project |
| N.H.J. Oostdijk, W. Goedertier, F. Van Eynde, L. Boves, J.-P. Martens, M. Moortgat & H. Baayen (2002) |
| In: M. González Rodriguéz and C. Paz Suarez Araujo (eds.) LREC 2002 Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation 29-31 May 2002, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.Proceedings Vol. 1: 340-347. |
|
| The pedagogy-technology interface in Computer Assisted Pronunciation Training |
| A. Neri, C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (2002) |
| Computer Assisted Language Learning, 15:5, pp. 441-467 |
| Paper (pdf; 260780 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency: Comparisons between read and spontaneous speech |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (2002) |
| Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 111 (6), pp. 2862-2873 |
| Paper (pdf; 95232 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Pronunciation Variation Modelling in a Model of Human Word Recognition |
| O. Scharenborg & L. Boves (2002) |
| Proceedings of Workshop on Pronunciation Modeling and Lexicon Adaptation, Estes Park, USA, pp. 65-70 |
| Paper (pdf; 94595 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Accumulated Kullback divergence for analysis of ASR performance in the presence of noise |
| F. de Wet, J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2002) |
| Proceedings of ICSLP, Denver, USA, pp. 1069-1073 |
| Paper (pdf; 129903 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Evaluation of formant-like features for ASR |
| K. Weber, F. de Wet, B. Cranen, L. Boves, S. Bengio & H. Boulard (2002) |
| Proceedings of ICSLP, Denver, USA, pp. 2101-2104 |
| Paper (ps; 355847 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Optimal selection of speech data for Automatic Speech Recognition systems |
| A. B. Nagórski, L. Boves & H. Steeneken (2002) |
| Proceedings of ICSLP 2002, Denver, Colorado |
| Paper (pdf; 185158 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Implementing and evaluating a multimodal and multilingual tourist guide |
| L. Almeida, I. Amdal, N. Beires, M. Boualem, L. Boves, E. den Os, P. Filoche, R. Gomes, J.E. Knudsen, K. Kvale, J. Rugelbak, C. Tallec & N. Warakagoda (2002) |
| EURESCOM |
| Paper (pdf; 64804 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| MUST - Multimodal and multilingual services for small mobile terminals |
| L. Boves & E. den Os (2002) |
| EURESCOM |
| Paper (pdf; 1072154 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| The MUST guide to Paris |
| L. Almeida, I. Amdal, N. Beires, M. Boualem, L. Boves, E. den Os, P. Filoche, R. Gomes, J.E. Knudsen, K. Kvale, J. Rugelbak, C. Tallec & N. Warakagoda (2002) |
| ISCA Tutorial and Research Workshop, Multi-Modal Dialogue in Mobile Environments, June 17 - 19, 2002, Kloster Irsee, Germany |
| Paper (pdf; 80540 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Utterance Verification based on the Likelihood Distance to Alternative Paths |
| A.G.G. Bouwman & L. Boves (2002) |
| Proceedings of 5th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue, Brno, Czech Republic, pp. 213-220 |
| Paper (pdf; 138405 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| ASR in a Human Word Recognition Model: Generating Phonemic Input for Shortlist |
| O. Scharenborg, L. Boves & J. de Veth (2002) |
| Proceedings of ICSLP, Denver, USA, pp. 633-636 |
| Paper (pdf; 67157 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Analysis of Disturbed Acoustic Features in terms of Emission Cost |
| L. van de Werff, J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proceedings of the CRAC Workshop, Aalborg, Denmark, 2001 (no page numbers) |
| Paper (pdf; 71180 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Annotation in the SpeechDat projects |
| H. van den Heuvel, L. Boves, A. Moreno, M. Omologo, G. Richard & E. Sanders (2001) |
| International Journal of Speech Technology, 4, pp. 127-143. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Using Information on Lexical Stress for Utterance Verification |
| A.G.G. Bouwman & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proceedings of ITRW on Prosody in ASRU, Red Bank, 2001, pp. 29-34 |
| Paper (pdf; 50914 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A comparison of LPC and FFT-based acoustic features for noise robust ASR |
| F. de Wet, B. Cranen, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proceedings of Eurospeech 2001, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 865-868. |
| Paper (ps; 347820 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Noise Reduction for Noise Robust Feature Extraction for Distributed Speech Recognition |
| B.Noe, J.Sienel, D.Jouvet, L.Mauuary, L. Boves, J. de Veth & F. de Wet (2001) |
| Proceedings of Eurospeech 2001, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 433-436. |
| Paper (ps; 415062 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Feature Vector Selection to Improve ASR Robustness in Noisy Conditions |
| J. de Veth, L.Mauuary, B.Noe, F. de Wet, J.Sienel, L. Boves & D.Jouvet (2001) |
| Proceedings of Eurospeech 2001, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 201-204. |
| Paper (ps; 410369 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic Backing-off as an Implementation of Missing Feature Theory |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2001) |
| Speech Communication, 34 (3), pp 247 - 265. |
| Paper (ps; 1156090 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic Features and a Distance Measure that Reduce the Impact of Training-Test Mismatch in ASR |
| J. de Veth, F. de Wet, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2001) |
| Speech Communication, 34 (1-2), pp 57 - 74. |
| Paper (ps; 880366 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic Features and Distance Measure to Reduce the Vulnerability of ASR Performance due to the Presence of a Communication Channel and/or Background Noise |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (2001) |
| In: Robustness in Language and Speech Technology, J.-C. Junqua and G. van Noord (Eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 9 - 45. |
| Paper (ps; 851791 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Business Listings in Automatic Directory Assistance |
| O. Scharenborg, J. Sturm & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech 2001, Aalborg, Denmark, pp. 2381-2384. |
| Paper (pdf; 60477 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using Discriminative principles for recognising City Names |
| A.G.G. Bouwman & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proc. ITRW on Adaptation Methods for Speech Recognition,
Sophia-Antipolis, France, 2001, pp. 109-112 |
| Paper (pdf; 60014 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Effects of OOV rates on Keyphrase Rejection Schemes |
| A.G.G. Bouwman, J. Sturm & L. Boves (2001) |
| Proc. Eurospeech 2001, Aalborg, Denmark, 2001, pp. 2585-2588 |
| Paper (pdf; 37405 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Pronunciation Evaluation in Read and Spontaneous Speech: a Comparison between Human Ratings and Automatic Scores |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik, D. Binnenpoorte & L. Boves (2000) |
| Proceedings of New Sounds 2000, Fourth International Symposium on the Acquisition of Second-Language Speech, Amsterdam, the Netherlands |
| Paper (ps; 716459 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Different aspects of expert pronunciation quality ratings and their relation to scores produced by speech recognition algorithms |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (2000) |
| Speech Communication, 30 (2-3), pp. 109-119 |
| Paper (pdf; 115972 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency by means of automatic speech recognition technology |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (2000) |
| Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 107 (2), pp. 989-999 |
| Paper (pdf; 86035 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On model quality and evaluation in speaker verification |
| J.W. Koolwaaij, L. Boves, H. Jongebloed & E.A. den Os (2000) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 3759-3762 |
| Paper (ps; 413666 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| An overview of the CAVE project research activities in speaker verification |
| F. Bimbot, M. Blomberg, L. Boves, D. Genoud, H.-P. Hutter, C. Jaboulet, J.W. Koolwaaij, J. Lindberg & J.-B. Pierrot (2000) |
| Speech Communication, Vol.31, Number 2-3, pp. 158-180 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Local normalization and delayed decision making in speaker detection and tracking |
| J.W. Koolwaaij & L. Boves (2000) |
| Special Issue of Digital Signal Processing: A Review Journal on the NIST Speaker Recognition Workshop, Volume 10, Number 1-3, pp. 113-132 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Comparing acoustic features for robust ASR in fixed and cellular network applications |
| F. de Wet, B. Cranen, J. de Veth & L. Boves (2000) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 1415-1418. |
| Paper (ps; 289148 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Connected Digit Recognition with Class Specific Word Models |
| O. Scharenborg, A.G.G. Bouwman & L. Boves (2000) |
| COST249 Workshop on Voice Operated Telecom Services, Ghent, Belgium, pp. 71-74 |
| Paper (pdf; 54410 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Towards an Automatic Oral Proficiency Test for Dutch as a Second Language: Automatic Pronunciation Assessment in Read and Spontaneous Speech |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik, D. Binnenpoorte & L. Boves (2000) |
| Proceedings of Instil 2000 |
| Paper (pdf; 64114 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| SLR Validation: Present State of Affairs and Prospects. |
| H. van den Heuvel, L. Boves, K. Choukri, S.M.A. Goddijn & E. Sanders (2000) |
| Proceedings LREC 2000, Athens, Greece, Vol. I, pp. 435-440 |
| Paper (ps; 384346 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Impact of speaking style and speaking task on acoustic models |
| J. Sturm, H. Kamperman, L. Boves & E.A. den Os (2000) |
| Proceedings ICSLP2000, Beijing, China |
| Paper (pdf; 36227 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Weighting Phone Confidence Measures for Automatic Speech Recognition |
| A.G.G. Bouwman, L. Boves & J. Koolwaaij (2000) |
| COST249 Workshop on Voice Operated Telecom Services, Ghent, Belgium, pp. 59-62 |
| Paper (pdf; 41420 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Incorporating Confidence Measures in the Dutch Train Timetable Information System Developed in the Arise Project |
| A.G.G. Bouwman, J. Sturm & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Phoenix, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 493-496 |
| Paper (ps; 397258 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On decision making in forensic casework |
| J.W. Koolwaaij & L. Boves (1999) |
| Forensic Linguistics, the International Journal of Speech, Language and the Law, Vol. 6, Number 2, pp. 242-264. |
| Paper (pdf; 12137958 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On the Use of Automatic Speaker Verification Systems in Forensic Casework |
| J.W. Koolwaaij & L. Boves (1999) |
| Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, Washington, USA, pp. 224-229 |
| Paper (ps; 145423 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Applications of Speech Technology: Designing for Usability |
| L. Boves & E.A. den Os (1999) |
| IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding, Keystone, Co, 11-15 December 1999 |
| Paper (ps; 812497 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| An overview of the Picasso project research activities in speaker verification for telephone applications |
| F. Bimbot, M. Blomberg, L. Boves, G. Chollet, C. Jaboulet, B. Jacob, J. Kharroubi, J.W. Koolwaaij, J. Lindberg, J. Mariethoz, C. Mokbel & H. Mokbel (1999) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech'99, Budapest, Hungary, Vol. 5, pp. 1963-1966 |
| Paper (pdf; 100758 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Natural Interfaces with Speech Technology |
| L. Boves & E.A. den Os (1999) |
| Proceedings Symposium "Human Interfacing", 20 May 1999, Eindhoven University of Technology, pp. 16-27. |
|
| Acoustic pre-processing for optimal effectivity of Missing Feature Theory |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen, F. de Wet & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech'99, Budapest, HUNGARY, 1999, pp. 65-68. |
| Paper (ps; 132375 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic backing-off as an implementation of Missing Feature Theory |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (1999) |
| PP-TST report, document no. 81, 1999 |
| Paper (ps; 91563 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Missing Feature Theory in ASR: Make sure you miss the right type of features |
| J. de Veth, F. de Wet, B. Cranen & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings Workshop on Robust Methods for ASR in Adverse Conditions, Tampere, FINLAND, 1999, pp. 231-234. |
| Paper (ps; 74784 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using likelihood ratios to perform utterance verification in automatic pronunciation assessment. |
| F. de Wet, C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech'99, Budapest, Hungary, Vol. 1, pp. 173-176 |
| Paper (ps; 473627 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Dialogue management in the Dutch Arise train timetable information system |
| J. Sturm, E.A. den Os & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech '99, Budapest, Hungary |
| Paper (ps; 343081 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Issues in spoken dialogue systems: experiences from the Dutch Arise train timetable information system. |
| J. Sturm, E.A. den Os & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings ESCA Workshop on Interactive dialogue in multi-modal systems, Kloster Irsee, Germany, p.1-4. |
| Paper (ps; 349622 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic characteristics of lexical stress in continuous telephone speech |
| D. van Kuijk & L. Boves (1999) |
| Speech Communication, 27, pp. 95-111 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Automatic Speech Recognition in Adverse Acoustic Conditions |
| F. de Wet, J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (1999) |
| Proceedings of the CLS opening Academic Year 1999/2000, pp. 1-15 |
| Paper (ps; 276898 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Evaluation of the Dutch Train Timetable Information System developed in the Arise project |
| A. A. Sanderman, J. Sturm, E. A. den Os, L. Boves & A. H. M. Cremers (1998) |
| Proceedings of the 4th IEEE workshop on Interactive Voice Technology for Telecommunications Applications |
| Abstract (html) |
| Quantitative assessment of second language learners' fluency: an automatic approach |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1998) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Vol. 6, pp. 2619-2623 |
| Paper (ps; 400435 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Assessment of Dutch pronunciation by means of automatic speech recognition technology: Automatic pronunciation grading for Dutch |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik, F. de Wet & L. Boves (1998) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Vol. 5, pp. 1739-1742 |
| Paper (ps; 380303 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic pronunciation grading for Dutch |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1998) |
| Proceedings ESCA workshop Speech Technology and Language Learning, Marholmen |
| Paper (ps; 423735 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Channel normalization techniques for automatic speech recognition over the telephone |
| J. de Veth & L. Boves (1998) |
| Speech Communication 25 (1998), pp. 149-164. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Acoustic backing-off in the local distance computation for robust automatic speech recognition |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen & L. Boves (1998) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Vol. 4, pp. 1427-1430 |
| Paper (ps; 87042 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Effectiveness of phase-corrected RASTA for continuous speech recognition |
| J. de Veth & L. Boves (1998) |
| Proceedings International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 963-966 |
| Paper (ps; 70658 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A new procedure for classifying speakers in Speaker Verification Systems |
| J.W. Koolwaaij & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings of EUROSPEECH '97, Rhodes, Vol.5, pp. 2355-2358 |
| Paper (ps; 503368 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On the independence of digits in connected digit strings |
| J.W. Koolwaaij & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings EUROSPEECH '97, Rhodes, Vol.5, pp. 2351-2354 |
| Paper (ps; 204118 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Field test of a calling card service based on speaker verification and automatic speech recognition |
| E.A. den Os, L. Boves, D. James, R. Winski & K. Fridh (1997) |
| Proceedings EUROSPEECH '97, Rhodes, Vol.4, pp. 1839-1843 |
| Paper (ps; 826083 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Speaker verification with GSM coded telephone speech |
| M.G. Kuitert & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings EUROSPEECH 1997, Rhodes, Vol.2, pp. 975-978 |
| Paper (pdf; 1247900 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic evaluation of Dutch pronunciation by using speech recognition technology |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings IEEE workshop ASRU, Santa Barbara, pp. 622-629, 1997 |
| Paper (ps; 99113 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using speech recognition technology to assess of foreign speakers' pronunciation of Dutch |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings New Sounds '97, Klagenfurt, pp. 61-68, 1997 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Automatic assessment of foreign speakers' pronunciation of Dutch |
| C. Cucchiarini, H. Strik & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings Eurospeech '97, pp. 713-716 |
| Abstract (html) |
| Phase-corrected RASTA for automatic speech recognition over the phone |
| J. de Veth & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings ICASSP-97, Muenchen, Germany, April 21-24, pp. 1239-1242, 1997 |
| Paper (ps; 132158 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Channel normalisation using phase-corrected RASTA |
| J. de Veth & L. Boves (1997) |
| Proceedings of the ESCA-NATO Workshop on Robust Speech Recognition for Unknown Communication Channels, Pont-a-Mousson, France, April 17-18, 1997, pp. 119-122. |
| Paper (ps; 121522 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A spoken dialog system for the Dutch public transport information service. |
| H. Strik, A.J.M. Russel, H. van den Heuvel, C. Cucchiarini & L. Boves (1997) |
| Int. Journal of Speech Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 119-129. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Localizing a spoken dialog system for train timetable information. |
| H. Strik, A.J.M. Russel, H. van den Heuvel, C. Cucchiarini & L. Boves (1997) |
| Paper for the COST249 meeting in Rome, February 17-18 1997. |
| Paper (ps; 526415 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A spoken dialogue system for public transport information. |
| H. Strik, A.J.M. Russel, H. van den Heuvel, C. Cucchiarini & L. Boves (1996) |
| Proceedings of the Department of Language & Speech, Vol. 19, pp. 129-142, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, 1996. |
| Paper (ps; 645474 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Localizing an automatic inquiry system for public transport information. |
| H. Strik, A.J.M. Russel, H. van den Heuvel, C. Cucchiarini & L. Boves (1996) |
| (ICSLP'96), Vol. 2, pp. 853-856, October 3-6, Philadelphia, USA |
| Paper (pdf; 45316 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Using lexical stress in continuous speech recognition for Dutch. |
| D. van Kuijk, H. van den Heuvel & L. Boves (1996) |
| Proceedings ICSLP-96, Philadelphia, USA, Vol. IV, 1736-1739. |
|
| Comparison of channel normalisation techniques for automatic speech recognition over the phone |
| J. de Veth & L. Boves (1996) |
| Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (ICSLP96), Vol. 4, pp. 2332-2335, Philadelphia, October 3-6, 1996 |
| Paper (ps; 82957 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Channel normalisation by using RASTA filtering and the dynamic cepstrum for automatic speech recognition over the phone |
| P. Boda, J. de Veth & L. Boves (1996) |
| Proceedings ESCA Workshop on the Auditory Basis of Speech Perception, Keele University (UK), July 15-19, 1996, pp. 317-320 |
| Paper (ps; 115262 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Downtrend in F0 and Psb. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1995) |
| In: Journal of Phonetics, Vol. 23, pp. 203-220. |
| Paper (ps; 420402 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| The effect of intonation contours on the acceptability of treated stutterers? speech. |
| , Konst, E., L. Boves & A.C.M. Rietveld (1994) |
| Proceedings First World Congress on Fluency Disorders, Munich, pp. 432-435. |
|
| A physiological model of intonation. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1994) |
| Vol. 16/17, pp. 96-105. |
| Paper (ps; 359519 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Automatic estimation of voice source parameters. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1994) |
| (ICSLP-94), Yokohama, Japan, pp. 155-158. |
| Paper (ps; 381086 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Fitting a LF-model to inverse filter signals. |
| H. Strik, B. Cranen & L. Boves (1993) |
| technology" (EUROSPEECH-93), Berlin, Vol.1, pp. 103-106. |
| Paper (ps; 173038 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Control of fundamental frequency, intensity and voice quality in speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1992) |
| In: Journal of Phonetics 20, pp. 15-25. |
|
| On the relation between voice source parameters and prosodic features in connected speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1992) |
| In: Speech Communication 11, pp. 167-174. |
| Paper (ps; 95156 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Comparing methods for automatic extraction of voice source parameters from continuous speech. |
| H. Strik, J. Jansen & L. Boves (1992) |
| In: Proceedings ICSLP-92, Banff, Vol. 1, pp. 121-124. |
| Paper (ps; 498439 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| A dynamic programming algorithm for time-aligning and averaging physiological signals related to speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1991) |
| In: Journal of Phonetics 19, pp. 367-378. |
| Paper (ps; 66190 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| On the relation between voice source characteristics and prosody. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1991) |
| In: Proceedings EUROSPEECH 91, Genova, Vol. 3, pp. 1145-1148. |
| Paper (ps; 671426 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Optimizing lexical fast search in a large vocabulary isolated word speech recognition system. |
| H. Drexler, R. Roddeman, L. Boves & H. Strik (1991) |
| In: Proceedings EUROSPEECH 91, Genova, Vol. 3, pp. 1401-1404. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Extraction of control parameters for the voice source in a text-to-speech system. |
| J. de Veth, B. Cranen, H. Strik & L. Boves (1990) |
| pp. 301-304. |
| Abstract (html) |
| The fundamental frequency - subglottal pressure ratio. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1989) |
| In: Proceedings Eurospeech 89, Paris, Vol. Two, pp. 425-428. |
| Paper (ps; 232825 bytes) ; Abstract (html) |
| Averaging physiological signals with the use of a DTW algorithm. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1988) |
| In: Proceedings SPEECH'88, 7th FASE Symposium, Edinburgh, Book 3, pp. 883-890. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Simultaneous control of fundamental frequency and intensity in speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1988) |
| In: Proceedings SPEECH'88, 7th FASE Symposium, Edinburgh, Book 3, pp. 1115-1121. |
| Abstract (html) |
| The fundamental frequency-subglottal pressure ratio in speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1988) |
| In: J. of the Acous. Soc. of America 84(S1), S82(A). |
| Abstract (html) |
| Control of fundamental frequency and intensity in running speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1988) |
| In: J. of the Acous. Soc. of America 84(S1), S82(A). |
| Abstract (html) |
| Data processing of physiological signals related to speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1988) |
| In: AFN-Proceedings, University of Nijmegen, Vol. 12, pp. 41-55. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Regulation of intensity and pitch in chest voice. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1987) |
| In: Proceedings 11th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Tallinn, Vol. VI, pp. 32-35. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Physiological bases of Fo and intensity control in speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1987) |
| and Biology Society, Vol. 1, pp. 0050-0051. |
| Abstract (html) |
| Fundamental frequency and intensity control in speech. |
| H. Strik & L. Boves (1987) |
| In: J. of the Acous. Soc. of America 82(S1), S17(A). |
|
| Stylization of pitch contours. |
| L. Boves & A.C.M. Rietveld (1978) |
| In: Proceedings of the Department of Language and Speech 2, Nijmegen: K.U. Nijmegen, pp. 23-40. |
|
| Spreken en verstaan. Een inleiding tot de experimentele fonetiek. [Bespreking van: Nooteboom, S.G. & Cohen, A., Bespreking van : Nooteboom S.G. & Cohen, A. Spreken en verstaan. Een inleiding tot de experimentele fonetiek. |
| L. Boves & A.C.M. Rietveld (1977) |
| Uitg.: v. Gorkum, Assen/Amsterdam (1977)].Forum der Letteren, 18, 45-49. |
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